Briefly describe the energy conversions carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts. Name three different kinds of vacuoles, giving the function of each kind. Describe three examples of intracellular digestion by lysosomes. Describe the cisternal maturation model of Golgi function. Explain the significance of the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus.ġ1. Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER. List the components of the endomembrane system, and describe the structure and functions of each component.
Ap bio study guide answers chapter 6 free#
Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes in terms of location and function. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome. Explain how the nucleolus contributes to protein synthesis. Briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope, including the role of the pore complex. Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.Ģ. In eukaryote cells, the chromosomes are contained within a membranous nuclear envelope. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This enables the functions of these organelles to be determined, especially by the reactions or processes catalyzed by their proteins.Ī Panoramic View of the Cell 1.
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The homogenate is spun in a centrifuge to separate heavier pieces into the pellet while lighter particles remain in the supernatant.Ĭell fractionation prepares isolates of specific cell components. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique.įractionation begins with homogenization, gently disrupting the cell. The SEM has great depth of field, resulting in an image that seems three-dimensional. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are useful for studying surface structures. A TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the specimen. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are used mainly to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. Light microscopes do not have as high a resolution, but they can be used to study live cells. However, electron microscopes can only be used on dead cells.
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Distinguish between magnification and resolving power. Chapter 6 How We Study Cells How We Study Cells 1.